第四讲 主旨大意类专项训练
【分类考试真题】
（2019年全国卷II，D）
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生物） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution（解决方法）. “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
"There are no tests," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than 'Are you working towards your goal?' Basically, it’s 'I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and... it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product."
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（影响） on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach." And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear in different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
【答案】.A
【分析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：大家对国际空间站的细菌的认知有什么？依据题干中的关键字bacteria in the International Space Station可定位至第一段。依据第一段中Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.可知，国际空间站的细菌很难处置，所以选择A项。B:它们致使空气污染；C:它们以不一样的形式出现；D:它们毁坏仪器
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education.
【答案】.D
【分析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：HUNCH项目的目的是什么？第二段第一句HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.,Space对应太空研究，Homework对应高中教育，Frontierfor social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast ."Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk, "he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction with its waiter, the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "it's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband.”says Dunn ."But interactions with peripheral members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners, ”he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A.Addiction to smartphones
B .Inappropriate behaviours in public places
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D .Impatience with slow service
【答案】.C
【分析】细节理解题。题干句意：第一段描述的是什么现象？依据第一段描述（无论大家身在什么地方，在电梯里、在银行排队或者在飞机上，我周围的人或是像大家一样在埋头看智能手机，或是更坏，在和让人不安的沉默做斗争）可知，C项“陌生人之间缺少交流”和首段描述一致，故答案为C项。A项“手机控”只不过该段描述现象时举的例子项“公共场所的不适合行为”与首段意思不符；D项“对缓慢的服务缺少耐心”和第一段的描述无关。
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners.
B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a TOPic.
D Making business deals
【答案】.B
【分析】细节理解题。题干句意：依据Carducci的说法，对于成功的闲来讲什么是要紧的？依据第三段最后一句（成功的闲聊的重点是掌握怎么样同别人打造联系而不止是同他们交流）可知，B项“可以理解并认可别人”符合题意，故答案为B项。本题干扰项为A“显示好的行为举止”，错因在于锁定的句子“最后一段最后一句（闲聊是好举止的基础）”和题干需要不同，答非所问；D项“做买卖”受第三段第三句（几乎每个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大的买卖都来自于闲聊）的影响，有逻辑推理错误；C项“聚焦一个话题”在文中没涉及。
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships.
B. It raises people's confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk.
D. It makes people feel good.
【答案】.D
【分析】推理判断题。题干句意：关于闲聊，咖啡馆调查表明了什么？据第四段中的内容（结果表明那些同服务生闲聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖啡馆体验。不是同服务生交谈比和你的老公交谈更好，而是同社交互联网的边缘职员的互动也对大家的健康和幸福非常重要）可知，D项“它使得大家感觉好”与题意相符，故答案为项。A项“它改变家庭关系”、B项“它提高大家的自信”和C项“它和正式交谈一样要紧”在文章中没涉及，是主观意断。
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts
B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk
D. Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】.C
【分析】主旨大意题。题干句意：文章最好的标题是什么？依据第二段最后一句（专家说闲聊是一种可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为）与最后一段最后一句（闲聊是好举止的基础）可知，C项“闲聊益处”与题干需要一致，故答案为C项。A项“会话非常重要”为干扰项，错在偷换定义，conversation who say they‘hardly ever’read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children. ages 2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading，the report does little to counsel parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading, Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom ahead ,parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality of children's books.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. parent-child relationships.
【答案】.A
【分析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为：“知识媒体”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的？本文为说明文，第一段为本文的主旨段。依据第一段
On November 7, Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove, off South Georgia in Antarctica. He was wearing only his swimming glasses, cap and Speedos!
Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas, working to protect these ecosplayystems with their large diversity of marine life.When asked why he doesn't wear a wetsuit, Lewis says, "I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans.Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I'm asking them to be courageous, I must also be.Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message."It took Pugh about 18 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water averaged about minus 1.7 degrees Celsius. He says that his body can onl tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. As he swims, his body temperature steadily drops, which in turn causes his muscle control to drop, slowing him down. When he is done with his swim, his support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal.
Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters. Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of the physical shock experienced by the body. Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim.
This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous conditions. In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In2015,he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarctica's Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.
1.Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wetsuit?
A.To swim faster.
B.To show his bravery.
C.To build up his body.
D.To win public attention.
【答案】.B
【分析】推理判断题。依据第二段的 Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I'm asking them to be courageous, I must also be.可知，有时采取保护海洋的手段非常艰难，也不受青睐，假如建议别人大胆地去保护海洋，自己也需要要勇敢些，因此在不穿潜水衣的状况下游泳是为了表现我们的勇敢。
2. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.His body.
B.The water.
C.His body temperature.
D.The water temperature.
【答案】.A
【分析】词义猜测题。依据第三段的He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down.可以得知在冰冷的水域中他的身体只能承受大约20分钟，之后就停止工作，由此可知it指代his body。
3 . What's Pugh's advice about swimming in freezing waters ?
A.One must be fully prepared.
B.One should be expert at swimming.
C.One should be ready to take on challenges.
D.One must be used to long-distance swimming.
【答案】.A
【分析】 细节理解题。依据倒数第二段的 Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters.可知，大夫和皮尤提醒大伙，在这样冰冷的水中游泳前，需要同意几个月的练习，也就是说要做好充分的筹备，故A项正确。
4 . What may be the best title for the text ?
A.Lewis Pugh:swimming for a cause
B.How to survive a swim in cold waters
C.How to prepare for extreme swimming
D.Lewis Pugh:achieving the impossible
【答案】.A
【分析】 主旨大意题。由全文可知，文章主要叙述了皮尤在南极冰冷的海水中游泳的事件，他想以此鼓励各国领导人大胆采取手段保护海洋，故A项符合语境。
The audiences of the UK will have an opportunity to enjoy a feast of Chinese culture when the China National Peking Opera Company returns to the country for the fourth time for a series of workshops and performances. Events will be held at the British Library, Oxford's Ashmolean Museum and the world-famous dance theater of Sadler's Wells, featuring artists including Lisa Lu,Yu Kuizhi and Li Shengsu.
On Thursday at the British Library, Lisa Lu, who also played a role in the recent hit film Crazy Rich Asians, will lead a group of artists from China, the US and the UK to discuss their experiences of working across a variety of artistic fields in different cultures over many decades.
The series of activities also include interactive workshops,which explain the intricacies
LOS ANGELES,Nov.12-Legendary comic book writer Stan Lee has died at the age of 95, according to media reports on Monday.
Lee, born Stanley Lieber on Dec. 28, 1922, began his career in 1939 and joined Marvel Comics
He is considered as one of the most legendary names in he history of comic books and the leading creative force behind the rise of Marvel Comics. He co-created fictional characters sucl as Spider-Man, X-Men, the Avengers, and many more.
Lee's characters often have super powers, but they also have weaknesses. They are humans, not gods. They not only struggle to save the world,but also to pay their bills,mke friends, and hold jobs. This makes Marvel comic book heroe stand apart from its competitor DC's seemingly perfect heroe like Superman and Wonder Woman. Those superheroes has been adapted into blockbusting films, most of which were made after Disney acquired Marvel in 2009
In a statement, Bob Iger, CEO of the Walt Disney Company said Stan Lee was as extraordinary as the characters he created.
Marvel also praised Lee on its website by putting on one of Lee's famous quotes, which goes, "I used to be embarrassed because I was just a comic book writer while other people were building bridges or going on to medical careers. And then I began to realize: entertainment is one of the most important things in people's lives. Without it, they might go off the deep end. I feel that if you're able to entertain, you're doing a good thing."
Praise from his Hollywood peers and colleagues was generous.President of Marvel Studios Kevin Feige appreciated Le unparalleled impact on the industry."No one has had more of an impact on my career than Stan Lee," Feige said. "Our thoughts are with his family and the millions of fans who have been fore touched by Stan's genius, charisma and heart."
1.How do Lee's characters differ from those of DC?
A.They are perfect heroes.
B.They often have super powers.
C.They are not humans,but gods.
D.They have human shortcomings.
【答案】.D
【分析】细节理解题。依据第四段第一句“Lee's characters often have super powers,but they also have weaknesses."可知Lee创作出的角色是有弱点的，结合下文可知，这正是他所在的漫威漫画公司与DC公司所创作角色的区别，DC公司创造的一些角色看起来非常完美，故D项正确。
2. We can learn from Lee's statement in Paragraph 6 that_.
A.it is embarrassing to be a comic book writer
B.a taste of entertainment is necessary in people's lives
C.entertainment is the most important thing in the world
D.you can do everything well if you are able to entertain
【答案】.B
【分析】细节理解题。依据第六段内容可知，Lee刚开始为我们的工作感到尴尬，但后来意识到娱乐是大家日常非常重要的事情之一，故B项正确。
3.According to the passage,we could know that__________
A.Lee influenced Kevin Feige's career a lot
B.Lee joined Marvel Comics in his forties
C.Lee created the fictional characters all by himself
D.all his comic books were adapted into films before Disney acquired Marvel
【答案】.A
【分析】细节理解题。依据最后一段Feige所说的话，特别是“No one has had more of an impact on my career than Stan Lee"可知 Feige 觉得无人比斯坦·李对他的职业生涯影响更大了，故选A项。
4.What can be the best title for the passage?
A.Marvel and DC
B.The Superheroes in Stan Lee's Comics
C.Marvel's Comic Book Legend Stan Lee Dies at 95
D.The Life Story of Stan Lee
【答案】.C
【分析】主旨大意题。文章为新闻报道类，主要报道了斯坦·李过世的消息，并对其生前事迹进行了介绍。文章第一段的“Legendary comic book writer Stan Lee has died at the age of 95”点明主题，故C选项最符合题意。
